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Source: Small Business
Management
This
Setting Prices in a
Retail
Store
Guide
is a checklist for the owner-manager of a retail business. These 51 questions probe the
consideration - from markup to pricing strategy to adjustments - that lead to correct
set prices decisions. You can use this checklist to establish
setting prices in your new store, or
you can use it to periodically review your established pricing policy.
A retailer's set prices influence the quantities of various items that consumers will buy,
which in turn affects total revenue and profit. Hence, correct setting
prices decisions are a key
to successful retail management. With this in mind, the following checklist of 52
questions has been developed to assist retailers in making systematic, informed decisions
regarding pricing strategies and tactics.
This checklist should be especially useful to a new retailer who is making pricing
decisions for the first time. However, established retailers, including successful ones,
can also benefit from this Guide. They may use it as a reminder of all the individual
pricing decisions they should review periodically. And, it may also be used in training
new employees who will have pricing authority.
The
Central Concept of Setting Prices
A major step toward making a profit in retailing is selling merchandise for more than
it cost you. This difference between cost of merchandise and retail price is called markup
(or occasionally markon). From an arithmetic standpoint, markup is calculated as follows:
Dollar markup = Retail price - Cost of the merchandise.
Dollar markup
Percentage markup =______________
Retail price
If an item cost $6.50 and you feel consumers will buy it at $10.00, the dollar markup
is $3.50 (which is $10.00 - $6.59). Going one step further, the percentage markup is 35
percent (which is $3.50 divided by $10.00). Anyone involved in retail pricing should be as
knowledgeable about formulas as about the name and preferences of his or her best
customer!
Two other key points about markup should be mentioned. First, the cost of merchandise
used in calculating markup consists of the base invoice for the merchandise plus any
transportation charges minus any quantity and cash discounts given by the seller. Second,
retail price, rather than cost, is ordinarily used in calculating percentage markup. The
reason for this is that when other operating figures such as wages, advertising expenses,
and profits are expressed as a percentage, all are being based on retail price rather than
cost of the merchandise being sold.
To Setting Prices in a
Retail Store - Setting Retail Markup Formulas - Top
Target Consumers and the Retailing Mix
In this section, your attention is directed to price as it relates to your potential
customers. These questions examine your merchandise, location, promotion, and customer
services that will be combined with price in attempting to satisfy customers and make a
profit. After some questions, brief commentary is provided.
1. Is the relative price of this item very important to your target consumers?
The importance of setting prices depends on the specific product and on the specific individual.
Some shoppers are very price conscious. Others want convenience and knowledgeable sales
personnel. Because of these variations, you need to learn about your customers' desires in
relation to different products. Having sales personnel seek feedback from shoppers is a
good starting point.
2. Are set prices based on estimates of the number of units that consumers will
demand at various price levels?
Demand-orientated pricing such as this is superior to cost-orientated pricing. In the
cost approach, a predetermined amount is added to the cost of the merchandise, whereas the
demand approach considers what consumers are willing to pay.
3. Have you established a price range for the product?
The cost of merchandise will be at one end of the price range and the level above which
consumers will not buy the product at the other end.
4. Have you considered what price strategies would be compatible with your
store's total retailing mix that includes merchandise, location, promotion, and services
5. Will trade-ins be accepted as part of the purchase price on items such as
appliances and television sets?
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Retail Store - Setting Retail Markup Formulas - Top
Supplier and Competitor considerations
in setting prices
This set of questions looks outside your firm to two factors that you cannot directly
control - suppliers and competitors.
6. Do you have final pricing authority?
With the repeal of fair trade laws, "yes" answers will be more common than in
previous years. Still, a supplier can control retail prices by refusing to deal with
non-conforming stores (a tactic which may be illegal) or by selling to you on consignment.
7. Do you know what direct competitors are doing price-wise?
8. Do you regularly review competitor's ads to obtain information on their
prices?
9. Is your store large enough to employ either a full-time or a part-time
comparison shopper?
These three questions emphasize the point that you must watch competitors' prices so
that your prices will not be far out of line - too high or too low - without good reason.
Of, course, there may be a good reason for the out-of-the-ordinary prices, such as seeking
a special price image.
A Price Level Strategy
Selecting a general level of prices in relation to competition is a key strategic
decision, perhaps the most important.
10. Should your overall strategy be to sell at prevailing market price levels?
The other alternatives are an above-the-market strategy or a below-the-market strategy.
11. Should competitor's temporary price reductions ever be matched?
12. Could private-brand merchandise be obtained in order to avoid direct price
competition?
Calculating Planned Initial Markup
in setting prices
In this section you will have to look inside your business, taking into account sales,
expenses, and profits before setting prices. The point is that your initial markup must be
large enough to cover anticipated expenses and reductions and still produce a satisfactory
profit.
13. Have you estimated sales, operating expenses, and reductions for the next
selling season?
14. Have you established a profit objective for the next selling season
15. Given estimated sales, expenses, and reductions, have you planned initial
markup?
This figure is calculated with the following formula:
Operating expenses + Reductions + Profit
Initial markup percentage = _____________________________________
Net sales + Reductions
Reductions consist of markdowns, stock shortages, and employee and customer discounts.
The following example uses dollar amounts, but the estimates can also be percentages, and
if the retailer desires a $4,000 profit, initial markup percentage can be calculated:
$34,000 + $6,000 + $4,000
Initial markup percentage = _________________________ = 44%
$94,000 + $6,000
The resulting figure, 44 percent in this example, indicates what size markup is needed
on the average in order to make the desired profits.
To Setting Prices in a
Retail Store - Setting Retail Markup Formulas - Top
16. Would it be appropriate to have different initial markup figures for various
lines of merchandise or service?
You would seriously consider this when some lines have much different characteristics
than others. For instance, a clothing retailer might logically have different initial
markup figures for suits, shirts, and pants, and accessories. (Various merchandise
characteristics are covered in an upcoming section.) You may want those items with the
highest turnover rates to carry the lowest initial markup.
Set Prices Store Policies
Having calculated an initial markup figure, you could proceed to set prices on your
merchandise. But an important decision such as this should not be rushed. Instead, you
should consider additional factors which suggest what would be the best price.
Policies are written guidelines indicating appropriate methods or actions in different
methods or actions in different situations. If established with care, they can save you
time in decision making and provide for consistent treatment of shoppers. Specific policy
areas that you should consider are as follows:
18. Will a one-price system, under which the same price is charged every
purchaser of a particular item, be used on all items?
The alternative is to negotiate price with consumers
19. Will odd-ending prices such as $1.98 and $44.95, be more appealing to your
customers than never-ending prices?
20. Will consumers buy more if multiple pricing, such as 2 for $8.50, is used?
21. Should any leader offerings (selected products with quite, low less
profitable prices) be used?
22. Have the characteristics of an effective leader offering been considered?
Ordinarily, a leader offering needs the following characteristics to accomplish its
purpose of generating much shopper traffic: used by most people, bought frequently, very
familiar regular price, and not a large expenditure for consumers.
23. Will price lining, the practice of setting up distinct points (such as
$5.00, $7.50 and $10.00) and then marking all related merchandise at these points, be
used?
24. Would price lining by means of zones (such as $5.00 - $7.50 and $12.50 -
$15.00) be more appropriate than price points?
25. Will cent-off coupons be used in newspaper ads or mailed to selected
consumers on any occasion?
26. Would periodic special sales, combining reduced prices and heavier
advertising, be consistent with the store image you are seeking?
27. Do certain items have greater appeal than others when they are part of a
special sale?
28. Has the impact of various sale items on profit been considered?
Sales prices may mean little or no profit on these items. Still, the special sales may
contribute to total profits by bringing in shoppers who may also buy some regular-price
(and profitable) merchandise and by attracting new customers. Also, you should avoid
featuring items that require a large amount of labor, which in turn would reduce or erase
profits. For instance, according to this criterion, shirts would be a better special sales
item than men's suits that often require free alterations.
29. Will "rain checks" be issued to consumers who come in for
special-sale merchandise that is temporarily out of stock?
You should give particular attention to this decision since rain checks are required in
some situations. Your lawyer or the regional Federal Trade Commission office should be
consulted for specific advice regarding whether rain checks are needed in the special
sales you plan.
To Setting Prices in a
Retail Store - Setting Retail Markup Formulas - Top
Nature of the Merchandise
In this section you will be considering how selected characteristics of particular
merchandise affect planned initial markup.
30. Did you get a "good deal" on the wholesale price of this
merchandise?
31. Is this item at the peak of its popularity?
32. Are handling and selling costs relatively great due to the product being
bulky, having a low turnover rate, and requiring much personal selling, installation, or
alterations?
33. Are relatively large levels of reductions expected due to markdowns,
spoilage, breakage, or theft?
With respect to the preceding four questions, "Yes" answers suggest the
possibility of or need for larger-than-normal initial markups. For example, very
fashionable clothing often will carry a higher markup than basic clothing such as
underwear because the particular fashion may suddenly lose its appeal to consumers.
34. Will customer services such as delivery, alterations, gift wrapping, and
installation be free of charge to customers?
The alternative is to charge for some or all of these services
Environmental Consideration
The questions in this section focus your attention on three factors outside your
business, namely economic conditions, laws, and consumerism.
35. Are economic conditions in your trading area abnormal?
Consumers tend to be price-conscious when the economy is depressed, suggesting that
lower-than-normal markups may be needed to be competitive. On the other hand, shoppers are
less price-conscious when the economy is booming, which would permit larger markups on a
selective basis.
36. Are the ways in which prices are displayed and promoted compatible with
consumerism, one part of which has been a call for more straightforward price information?
37. If yours is a grocery store, it is feasible to use unit pricing in which the
item's cost per some standard measure is indicated?
Having asked (and hopefully answered) more than three dozen questions, you are indeed
ready to establish retail prices. When you have decided on an appropriate percentage
markup, 35 percent on a garden hose, for example, the next step is to determine what
percentage of the still unknown retail price is represented by the cost figure. The basic
markup formula is simply rearranged to do this:
Cost = Retail price - Markup
Cost = 100% - 35% = 65%
Then the dollar cost, say $3.25 for the garden hose, is plugged in to the following
formula to arrive at the retail price:
Dollar cost
$3.25
Retail price = __________________ = ____________= $5.00
Percentage cost 65% (or .65)
One other consideration is necessary:
38. Is the retail price consistent with your planned initial markups?
To Setting Prices in a
Retail Store - Setting Retail Markup Formulas - Top
Set Prices Adjustments
It would be ideal if all items sold at their original retail prices. But we know that
things are not always ideal. Therefore, a section on price adjustments is necessary.
39. Are additional markups called for because wholesale prices have increased
or because an item's low price causes consumers to question its quality?
40. Should employees be given purchase discounts?
41. Should any groups of customers, such as students or senior citizens, be given
purchase discounts?
42. When markdowns appear necessary, have you first considered other alternatives
such as retaining price but changing another element of the retailing mix or storing the
merchandise until the next selling season?
43. Has an attempt been made to identify causes of markdown so that steps can be
taken to minimize the number of avoidable buying, selling, and pricing errors that cause
markdowns?
44. Has the relationship between timing and size of markdowns been taken into
account?
In general, markdowns taken early in the selling season or shortly after sales slow
down can be smaller than late markdowns. Whether an early or late markdown would be more
appropriate in a particular situation depends on how many consumers might still be
interested in the product, the size of the initial markup and the amount remaining in
stock.
45. Would a schedule or automatic markdowns after merchandise has been in
stock for specified intervals be appropriate?
46. Is the size of the markdown "just enough" to stimulate purchases?
This question stresses the point that you have to observe the effects of markdowns so
that you can know what size markdowns are "just enough" for different kinds of
merchandise.
47. Has a procedure been worked out for markdowns on price-lined merchandise?
48. Is the markdown price calculated from the off-retail percentage?
This question gets you into the arithmetic of markdowns. Usually, you first tentatively
decide on the percentage amount price must be marked down to excite consumers. For
example, if you think a 25 percent markdown will be necessary to sell a lavender sofa, the
dollar amount of the markdown is calculated as follows:
Dollar markdown = Off-retail percentage x Previous retail price
Dollar markdown = 25% (or .25) x $500 = $125
Then the markdown price is obtained by subtracting the dollar markdown from the
previous retail price. Hence, the sofa would be $375.00 after taking the markdown.
49. Has cost of the merchandise been considered before setting the markdown
price?
This is not to say that a markdown price should never be lower than cost, on the
contrary, a price that low may be your only hope of generating some revenue from the item.
But cost should be considered to make sure that below-cost markdown prices are the
exception in your store rather than being so common that your total profits are really
hurt.
50. Have procedures for recording the dollar amounts, percentages, and
probable causes of markdowns been set up?
Markdown analysis can provide information for assist in calculating planned initial
markup, in decreasing errors that cause markdowns, and in evaluating suppliers.
51. Have you marked the calendar for a periodic review of your pricing
decisions?
Rather than making careless pricing decisions, this checklist should help you lay a
solid foundation of effective prices as you try to build retail profits.
To Setting Prices in a
Retail Store - Setting Retail Markup Formulas - Top
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